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Strength training is as effective as stretching for improving range of motion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Afonso, J., et al. (2021). Level of Evidence : 1a- Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Therapeutic Topic : Resistance training and stretching - Range of movement improvements This is a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of resistance training and stretching exercises on joint range of movement. Eleven RCTs were included in the systematic review, for a total of 452 participants. Participants included had a wide age range, health status (healthy and persistent pain). All the studies were included in the meta-analysis and they were assessed through the Risk of Bias criteria recommended by the Cochrane Review Group. The overall strength of evidence was assessed through the GRADE approach ("low", "very low", "moderate", "high"), which has also been suggested by the Cochrane group for systematic reviews. Resistance training exercises were compared to stretching exercises. Efficacy of intervention was assessed through active and passive range of movement of lower and upper limb joints. Interventions duration ranged betwee 5 and 16 weeks, with a maximum training frequency of 5 and a minimum of 2. The assessment time points varied significantly, and they ranged from 6 to 24 weeks. Moderate quality evidence showed that stretching or resistance training provided similar range of movement improvements by the end of the training regime. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, resistance training or stretching interventions appear to be equally effective in improving range of movement. Either intervention can be used if the goal of treatment is to improve range of movement in our clients. However, if resistance training is well tolerated, it may be the best option. Thus, the international guidelines for physical activity advise on the implementation of resistance training across all ages. Stretching is only mentioned as an adjunct to aerobic and resistance training for pregnant women. Open access URL : https://osf.io/preprints/metaarxiv/2tdfm/ Abstract Background: Range of motion (ROM) is an important feature of sports performance and health. Stretching is usually prescribed to improve promote ROM gains, but evidence has suggested that strength training (ST) also improves ROM. However, it is unclear if its efficacy is comparable to stretching. Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of ST and stretching on ROM. Protocol: INPLASY: 10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0098. Data sources: Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Science were consulted in early October 2020, followed by search within reference lists and consultation of four experts. No constraints on language or year. Eligibility criteria (PICOS): (P) humans of any sex, age, health or training status; (I) ST interventions; (C) stretching interventions (O) ROM; (S) supervised RCTs. Data extraction and synthesis: Independently conducted by multiple authors. Quality of evidence assessed using GRADE; risk-of-bias assessed with RoB 2. Results: Eleven articles (n = 452 participants) were included. Pooled data showed no differences between ST and stretching on ROM (ES = -0.22; 95% CI = -0.55 to 0.12; p = 0.206). Sub-group analyses based on RoB, active vs. passive ROM, and specific movement-per-joint analyses for hip flexion and knee extension showed no between-protocol differences in ROM gains. Conclusion: ST and stretching were not different in improving ROM, regardless of the diversity of protocols and populations. Barring specific contra-indications, people who do not respond well or do not adhere to stretching protocols can change to ST programs, and vice-versa.

Pain during physical examination of a healing upper extremity fracture. Gonzalez, A. I., Kortlever, J. T. P., Crijns, T. J., Ring, D., Reichel, L. M., & Vagner, G. A. (2020) Level of Evidence : 2c Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Prognostic Topic : Fracture tenderness - Healing This is a prospective study assessing the correlation between clients ability to cope with pain in daily life and tenderness on palpation of a hand or wrist fracture. A total of 117 participants were included. Of these participants 33% had a distal radius fracture, 21% had a metacarpal fracture, (18%) and phalanx fracture (the remaining 34% had other upper limb fractures). All of the participants included, presented with fractures which were unlikely to present complications or prolonged healing times (e.g. displaced). Clients ability to cope with pain in daily life was assessed through the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire - Two-Item Short Form (PSEQ-2) ( scroll to the bottom of the link to find this handy questionnaire), and the PROMIS CATs for physical function, depression, and pain interference (score it yourself or use it for your clients - Try the PROMIS CAT Demo>> ). Tenderness on palpation at the fracture site was scored on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale. Participants were assessed 3 to 6 weeks post injury. On average, participants were over 48 years old. The results showed that participants presenting with greater pain interference and lower self efficacy, presented with greater tenderness on palpation at the fracture site. This study did not objectively assess fracture's union because there is currently no gold standard that can measure this outcome. It is possible that delayed union affected participants' pain and as a results this affected their ability to cope with pain (this is a limitation of the study). This last option is however unlikely due to the type of fractures assessed, which usually heal fast without complications. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, hand therapists may not decide on extending or reducing a fracture's immobilisation period based on tenderness on palpation of the fracture site. It appears that clients presenting with limited coping strategies report greater pain with fracture palpation. Traditional fracture healing times may be a better guide, compared to pain, in deciding how long a fracture should be immobilised. URL : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1753193420952010 You can ask the authors for the full text through Research Gate Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract The evidence that symptom intensity and magnitude of limitations correlate with thoughts and emotions means that subjective signs, such as pain with physical examination, reflect both physical and mental health. During a 1-month evaluation of a rapidly healing upper extremity fracture with no risk of nonunion, 117 people completed measures of adaptiveness to pain and pain during the physical examination. Greater pain during examination correlated with less adaptive responses to pain and older age. This finding raises questions about using tenderness to assess fracture union.

Effect of neural mobilization on nerve-related neck and arm pain: A randomized controlled trial. Basson, C. A., A. Stewart, W. Mudzi and E. Musenge (2020). Level of Evidence : 1b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Therapeutic Topic : Nerve pain - Usual care vs usual care plus neural mobilisation This is a randomised, single-blind, controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of nerve gliding on pain, function, and quality of life in participants with nerve-related neck and arm pain. Participants (N = 78) were included if they presented with clinical signs of neck pain associated with nerve-related symptoms (participants had to had positive neurodynamic tests and allodynia on peripheral nerve palpation). Pain was assessed through the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), function through the Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and quality of life through the EuroQol-5. Participants were randomised (2:1) to either usual care (n = 25), or usual care plus neural mobilisation (n = 53). The usual care included cervical and thoracic mobilisation, exercises and the advice to keep active. The experimental group received the usual care plus mobilisation of the tissues surrounding the peripheral nerve involved (e.g. pronator teres for median nerve). On average, participants were treated over 4 sessions. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, 6 weeks, 6 months, and one year. The results showed that participants in all groups improved by one year. There were no differences between groups in function and quality of life. Pain was significantly better at 6 months for the usual care plus neural mobilisation, however, this difference was not clinically relevant (see picture below). Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, the addition of neural mobilisation to an evidence based program for people with nerve-related cervical and arm pain does not provide better results. In contrast, neural mobilisation may be helpful for clients presenting with isolated carpal tunnel syndrome . If you are interested, you can also r educe the likelihood of clients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery by adding a night splint and education to your intervention. Finally, have a look at what is the most effective and safe nerve gliding approach for carpal tunnel syndrome . URL : https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/ptc-2018-0056 Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Purpose: Neural mobilization (NM) is often used to treat nerve-related conditions, and its use is reasonable with nerve-related neck and arm pain (NNAP). The aims of this study were to establish the effect of NM on the pain, function, and quality of life (QOL) of patients with NNAP and to establish whether high catastrophizing and neuropathic pain influence treatment outcomes. Method: A randomized controlled trial compared a usual-care (UC; n = 26) group, who received cervical and thoracic mobilization, exercises, and advice, with an intervention (UCNM; n = 60) group, who received the same treatment but with the addition of NM. Soft tissue mobilization along the tract of the nerve was used as the NM technique. The primary outcomes were pain intensity (rated on the Numerical Pain Rating Scale), function (Patient-Specific Functional Scale), and QOL (EuroQol-5D) at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. The secondary outcomes were the presence of neuropathic pain (using the Neuropathic Diagnostic Questionnaire) and catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophising Scale). Results: Both groups improved in terms of pain, function, and QOL over the 12-month period (p < 0.05). No between-groups differences were found at 12 months, but the UCNM group had significantly less pain at 6 months (p = 0.03). Patients who still presented with neuropathic pain (p < 0.001) and high pain catastrophizing (p = 0.02) at 6- and 12-mo follow-ups had more pain. Conclusions: Both groups had similar improvements in function and QOL at 12-month follow-up. The UCNM group had significantly less pain at 6-month follow-up and a lower mean pain rating at 12-month follow-up, although the difference between groups was not significant. Neuropathic pain is common among this population and, where it persisted, patients had more pain and functional limitations at 12-mo follow-up.

Excursion of the median nerve during a contra-lateral cervical lateral glide movement in people with and without cervical radiculopathy. Thoomes, E., R. Ellis, A. Dilley, D. Falla and M. Thoomes-de Graaf (2021) Level of Evidence : 3b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 Type of study : Aetiologic, Prognostic Topic : Cervical radiculopathy - Median nerve gliding This is a case-control study assessing differences in median nerve gliding in participants with and without cervical radiculopathy during a contralateral cervical lateral glide. A total of 40 participants were included in the study. Cervical radiculopathy was diagnosed through clinical examination through a positive upper limb neurodynamic test (ULNT of median/ulnar/radial nerve) and/or Spurling's test and confirmed through MRI. Controls were participants who did not present with neck/arm pain and had a negative Spurling's or ULNT tests. Median nerve gliding was assessed just proximal to the wrist and elbow through an ultrasound machine. The contralateral cervical lateral glide was performed within a pain-free range and the amount of movement was recorded by a machine in which the head was positioned. The results showed that there was no difference in the amount of pain free contralateral cervical lateral glide between cervical radiculopathy and healthy participants. In other words, the range of movement was similar. There was a significant difference in the amount of median nerve gliding between the participants with and without cervical radiculopathy. In particular, healthy participants had a median glide of 2-3.5 mm vs 0.5-1.2 mm in participants with cervical radiculopathy. This difference resolved after three months. During these three months, the cervical radiculopathy was treated conservatively with exercises, manual therapy, nerve glides, and medications. Unfortunately, we are not sure whether these intervention contributed or not to the improvement in medial nerve glide recovery because no wait and see group with radiculopathy was included in the study. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, clients with cervical radiculopathy present with reduced median nerve gliding in the upper limb compared to healthy controls. It is possible that these impairments may contribute to pain and functional deficits. Currently, there is no evidence supporting the use of specific neural mobilisation interventions for upper limb nerve related pain and active range of movement and resistance exercises for the neck may suffice to provide clinically significant improvements . URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102349 Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Background: A segmental, contra-lateral cervical lateral glide (CCLG) mobilization technique is effective for patients with cervical radiculopathy (CR). The CCLG technique induces median nerve sliding in healthy individuals, but this has not been assessed in patients with CR. Objective This study aimed to 1) assess longitudinal excursion of the median nerve in patients with CR and asymptomatic participants during a CCLG movement, 2) reassess nerve excursions following an intervention at a 3-month follow-up in patients with CR and 3) correlate changes in nerve excursions with changes in clinical signs and symptoms. Design Case-control study. Methods: During a computer-controlled mechanically induced CCLG, executed by the Occiflex™, longitudinal median nerve excursion was assessed at the wrist and elbow with ultrasound imaging (T0) in 20 patients with CR and 20 matched controls. Patients were re-assessed at a 3-month follow-up (T1), following conservative treatment including neurodynamic mobilization. Results: There was a significant difference between patients and controls in the excursion of the median nerve at both the wrist (Mdn = 0.50 mm; IQR = 0.13–1.30; 2.10 mm (IQR = 1.42–2.80, p < 0.05)) and elbow (Mdn = 1.21 mm (IQR = 0.85–1.94); 3.49 mm (IQR = 2.45–4.24, p < 0.05)) respectively at T0. There was also a significant increase in median nerve excursion at both sites between T0 and T1 in those with CR (Mdn = 1.96, 2.63 respectively). Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test indicated median pre-test ranks (Mdn = 0.5, 1.21; Z = - 3.82, p < 0.01; Z = −3.78, p < 0.01 respectively) and median post-test ranks. There was a strong correlation between improvement in median nerve excursion at the elbow at T1 and improvement in pain intensity (r = 0.7, p < 0.001) and functional limitations (r = 0.6, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Longitudinal median nerve excursion differs significantly between patients with CR and asymptomatic volunteers at baseline, but this difference is no longer present after 3 months of conservative physiotherapy management. Improvement in nerve excursion correlates with improvement in clinical signs and symptoms.

The effect of exercise on cervical radiculopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Irby, A., Gutierrez, J., Chamberlin, C., Thomas, S. J., & Rosen, A. B. (2020) Level of Evidence : 1a- Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Therapeutic Topic : Cervical radiculopathy – Conservative treatment This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of exercise for cervical radiculopathy. Ten randomised controlled trials were included for a total of 751 participants. The results from this systematic review and meta-analysis were assessed through the GRADE approach (suggested by the Cochrane Group), which scores the evidence as "very low", "low", "moderate", or "high" quality. Efficacy of intervention was assessed through changes in pain and function. Pain was assessed through the visual analogue scale (VAS) (9 studies) and function was assessed through the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (5 studies). The quality of evidence was "low", suggesting that there is limited confidence in the estimated effect of exercise on pain and function for cervical radiculopathies. Exercises included range of movement and graded resistance exercises for the superficial and deep neck muscles. There was however a lack of detailed description in the interventions. The control groups either provided no exercises or conservative interventions other than exercise. The results showed that exercises provided a statistically and clinically significant change in pain of 2.8 ( 95%CI : 1.4 to 4.2) points out of 10 (this change was calculated from the study by Kuijper et al. (2009) based on the standardised mean difference provided). There was also a statistically significant but not clinically relevant change in function, showing a 3.6 point ( 95%CI : 6.3 to 1) point change in the NDI. The minimal clinically important change for the NDI is 10 points, which was not achieved through exercise. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Clients often present to hand therapists with symptoms that suggest a double crush syndrome (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical radiculopathy). In these cases, it may be beneficial to include cervical exercises if there are symptoms and signs suggesting a cervical radiculopathy. Exercises may be useful to improve pain but not function. Open Access URL : https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2019/11080/The_effect_of_exercise_on_cervical_radiculopathy_.18.aspx

Diagnostic accuracy of patient interview items and clinical tests for cervical radiculopathy. Sleijser-Koehorst, M. L. S., et al. (2020) Level of Evidence : 2b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 Type of study : Diagnostic Topic : Cervical radiculopathy – Interview items and physical tests This is a prospective study assessing the usefulness of subjective information and physical tests in making a diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy. A total of 134 participants who were referred to a multidisciplinary team with a suspicion of cervical radiculopathy by their doctors were included in the study. Participants with rehumatological, diabetes, polineuropathies, or other neurological comorbidities were excluded. The variables of interest were the sensitivity and specificity of subjective information provided by participants and the result of physical tests. If a test is very sensitive and its result is negative, you can be more certain that the patient does not have the condition. If the test is specific and its result is positive, you can be more certain that the patient has the condition. The physical tests assessed were the Spurling, upper limb neurodynamic for median nerve, shoulder abduction test for pain relief, cervical distraction, and neurological examination including muscle, sensory, and reflex testing. The gold standard against which these tests were compared was the combination of a neurosurgeon diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy and MRI imaging confirming a root encroachment consistent with the symptoms reported. The average age of the participants was 50 with 68% of participants between the age of 40 and 60. Out of the 134 participants, 66 had a confirmed cervical radiculopathy whilst 68 did not. The ones with a cervical radiculopathy most often presented with a radiculopathy of C6 or C7. The results of the study showed that the absence of paraesthesia and/or numbness on subjective examination reduced the probability of participants presenting with a cervical radiculopathy (sensitive). No physical tests were useful in the exclusion of cervical radiculopathy. The presence of arm pain being worse than neck pain, a positive Spurling test, and reduced reflexes increased the probability of a cervical radiculopathy (specific). Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, hand therapists may use a combination subjective (see in synopsis above) and objective tests to reduce or increase the probability of a cervical radiculopathy in their clients. The arm squeeze test has previously shown to be useful as a screening and diagnostic test. In addition, the present study confirmed one more time that the Spurling test is useful in making a diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy (see previous synopsis ). In addition, this is the first study (that I am aware of) assessing the usefulness of deep tendon reflexes for cervical radiculopathy. The results suggest that a reduction in upper limb reflexes increases the probability of cervical radiculopathy. Have a look at this previous synopsis on myotomes testing for cervical radiculopathy. URL : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003194062030393X Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of patient interview items and clinical tests to diagnose cervical radiculopathy. Design: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Participants Consecutive patients (N=134) with a suspicion of cervical radiculopathy were included. A medical specialist made the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy based on the patient's clinical presentation and corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging findings. Participants completed a list of patient interview items and the clinical tests were performed by a physiotherapist. Main outcome measures: Diagnostic accuracy was determined in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and positive (+LR) and negative likelihood ratios (−LR). Sensitivity and specificity values ≥0.80 were considered high. We considered +LR≥5 and −LR≤0.20 moderate, and +LR≥10 and −LR≤0.10 high. Results: The history items ‘arm pain worse than neck pain’, ‘provocation of symptoms when ironing’, ‘reduction of symptoms by walking with your hand in your pocket’, the Spurling test and the presence of reduced reflexes showed high specificity and are therefore useful to increase the probability of cervical radiculopathy when positive. The presence of ‘paraesthesia’ and ‘paraesthesia and/or numbness’ showed high sensitivity, indicating that the absence of these patient interview items decreases the probability of cervical radiculopathy. Although most of these items had potentially relevant likelihood ratios, none showed moderate or high likelihood ratios. Conclusions: Several patient interview items, the Spurling test and reduced reflexes are useful to assist in the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy. Because there is no gold standard for cervical radiculopathy, caution is required to not over-interpret diagnostic accuracy values.

Determining C5, C6 and C7 myotomes through comparative analyses of clinical, MRI and EMG findings in cervical radiculopathy. Furukawa, Y., et al. (2021). Level of Evidence : 2b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Diagnostic Topic : Cervical radiculopathy – Myotomes This is a retrospective study assessing the presence of weakness in key upper limb muscles of participants presenting with a single level radiculopathy. Participants (N = 25) were included if they presented with a single level cervical radiculopathy (identified through MRI) at the C5, C6, C7 level, if they had been having symptoms of radiculopathy for at least one month, if they presented with a positive Spurling's, reflex changes, EMG abnormalities of at least one upper limb muscle, and if they reported sensory disturbances. Potential participants were excluded if they presented with multilevel radiculopathy, or if EMG investigations identified no abnormalities. The results showed that weakness of deltoid and infraspinatus muscles were present in all participants with a C5 lesion (n = 10). Wrist extensors were weak in most participants (83%) with a C6 radiculopathy (n = 6). The triceps was weak in all participants with a C7 radiculopathy (See figure below). Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, manual muscle testing of deltoid (C5), wrist extensors (C6), and triceps (C7) may be useful for a quick myotome assessment in clients who we suspect presenting with a cervical radiculopathy. It is important to remember that dermatomal patterns, which are often suggested as useful in the determination of cervical radiculopathy level, only follow textbooks patterns in 54% of cases . Once we diagnose clients with a cervical radiculopathy, AROM exercises for the neck have been suggested to be useful in its management . Despite evidence of reduced nerve gliding in clients with cervical radiculopathy, nerve gliding techniques do not appear to provide significant pain relief . Open Access URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2021.02.002 Abstract Objective: There are many myotome charts in the literature, but few studies have presented actual data to support their identification. We aimed to determine C5/C6/C7 myotomes based on clinical and EMG data of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) having a single-root lesion confirmed by MRI. Methods: Medical Research Council (MRC) scores and EMG findings were retrospectively reviewed for patients enrolled from our EMG database. Results: Enrolled were 25 patients (10 C5, 6 C6, and 9 C7 CSR). In C5 CSR, weakness or denervation potentials in EMG, or both, were observed in the deltoid (Del) and infraspinatus (Isp) muscles for all patients, and in the biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR) muscles for 9/10 and 8/9 patients, respectively. In C6 CSR, weakness of the wrist extensor and/or denervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)/extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB), and those of the pronator teres (PT) were observed for all patients. Weakness was not observed for any other muscle in C6 CSR. Denervation potentials of ECRL were found in 5/8 and 3/5 patients with C5 and C6 CSR, respectively, whereas those of ECRB were found in 1/5, 6/6, and 2/5 patients with C5, C6 and C7 CSR, respectively. In C7 CSR, weakness/denervation of the triceps brachii (TB) and denervation potentials of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) were observed for all patients. Denervation potentials in PT and weakness/denervation of the extensor digitorum (ED) were observed in 2/9 and 4/9 patients, respectively. Conclusion: Suggested dominant myotomes are: C5 for the Del, Isp, BB, and BR, C5/6 for the ECRL, C6 > C7 for the ECRB and PT, and C7 for the TB and FCR. Significance The current study identified dominant myotomes that differ from the existing literature.

Patient expectations about a clinical diagnostic test may influence the clinician's test interpretation. Coppieters, M. W., B. Rehn and M. L. Plinsinga (2021) Level of Evidence : 2b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Diagnostic Topic : Client's expectations - Physical tests This is an experiment assessing the effect of client's expectations on pain intensity and area during physical tests. A total of 15 healthy participants were included in the present study. All participants were injected with a hypersaline solution in the thenar muscle of the tested hand to cause a pain response. All participants subsequently underwent median nerve neurodynamic test (see Figure 1 below), during which changes in pain intensity and area were recorded. Prior to the injection and testing, all participants received general information regarding the nature of the neurodynamic test (gradual increase in nerve stretch). However, participants randomised to the "nerve pain group" (n = 7) were told that their pain was caused by irritation of nerve receptors (n = 7; "nerve pain group") whilst the participants randomised to the "muscle pain group" (n = 8) were told that the injection would cause muscle pain. The results showed that the "nerve pain group" presented a statistically and clinically relevant increase in pain intensity (1.6 points out of 10) and pain area (80% increase in painful area) from the least stretched (-2) to the most stretched position (+2) during the median nerve neurodynamic test. In contrast, no change in pain intensity or area was noted in the "muscle pain group" (see Figure 2 below). Figure 1 Figure 2 Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, expectations of increased pain during physical tests can increase the pain intensity and painful area in our clients. Even if we don't tell them that the test will cause them pain, if they have an understanding of the physical test, their pain response can be influenced. This may be one of the reason why fracture tenderness on palpation is an unreliable indicator or fractures' healing . This study also highlights the importance of the words and behaviors we implement with our clients as they can increase or decrease their pain. We can conclude that expectations not only play role in the treatment but also in the assessment of our clients. URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102387 Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Background: With medical information widely available, patients often have preconceived ideas regarding diagnostic procedures and management strategies. Objectives: To investigate whether expectations, such as beliefs about the source of symptoms and knowledge about diagnostic tests, influence pain perception during a clinical diagnostic test. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Pain was induced by intramuscular hypertonic saline infusion in the thenar muscles. In line with sample size calculations, fifteen participants were included. All participants received identical background information regarding basic median nerve biomechanics and basic concepts of differential diagnosis via mechanical loading of painful structures. Based on different explanations about the origin of their induced pain, half of the participants believed (correctly) they had ‘muscle pain’ and half believed (incorrectly) they had ‘nerve pain’. Pain intensity and size of the painful area were evaluated in five different positions of the median nerve neurodynamic test (ULNT1 MEDIAN). Data were analysed with two-way analyses of variance. Results /findings: Changes in pain in the ULNT1 MEDIAN positions were different between the ‘muscle pain’ and ‘nerve pain’ group (p < 0.001). In line with their expectations, the ‘muscle pain’ group demonstrated no changes in pain throughout the test (p > 0.38). In contrast, pain intensity (p ≤ 0.003) and size of the painful area (p ≤ 0.03) increased and decreased in the ‘nerve pain’ group consistent with their expectations and the level of mechanical nerve loading. Conclusion: Pain perception during a clinical diagnostic test may be substantially influenced by pain anticipation. Moreover, pain was more aligned with beliefs and expectations than with the actual pathobiological process.

Increasing incidence of hand and distal upper extremity injuries associated with electric scooter use. LaGreca, M., C. J. Didzbalis, N. C. Oleck, J. S. Weisberger and H. S. Ayyala (2021) Level of Evidence : 2b Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 Type of study : Preventative Topic : Electric scooters - Injury incidence This is a retrospective study on the number of injuries associated with electronic scooters/skateboards from 2010 to 2019. A total of 26,000 injuries were estimated to have occurred due to electronic scooter/skateboard, when the American National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was reviewed (see graph). The number of injuries had increased 240% during this nine years period. The most common injury was fracture (55%) of the upper limb. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, it appears that the number of electric scooters/skateboards injuries has been increasing in the last 10 years. This appears to be reasonable considering the increased use of these devices. There was however no comparison to the number of injuries from non electric scooters/skateboards. This would have been relevant as it is possible that whilst the number of electric scooters injuries went up (due to greater use), the number of non electric scooters/skateboards injuries may have gone down, potentially leaving the total number of injuries unchanged. URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.05.021 Available through The Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume) for HTNZ members. Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Purpose Electric scooters (e-scooters) have seen an increase in popularity in cities across the United States as a form of recreation and transportation. The advent of ride-sharing applications allows anyone with a smartphone to easily access these devices, without any investment or experience required. In this study, the authors analyze scooter-related injuries of the hand and upper extremity. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried to look for injuries related to the use of e-scooters between 2010 and 2019. Data collected included demographic information, the location of the injury, the injury diagnosis, and disposition. National estimates (emergency room visits in the United States) were calculated using the weight variable included in the NEISS database. Miscoded reports were excluded. As a corollary, Google Trends data were utilized to establish a correlation between e-scooter-related injuries and the relative number of e-scooter hits on the Google search engine. Results From 2010 to 2019, there were 730 e-scooter-related injuries reported to the NEISS database. This corresponds to an estimated 26,412 injuries nationally during this time period. The incidence of scooter-related injuries increased by over 230% (2,130 national injuries in 2010; 7,213 national injuries in 2019; relative difference 5,083). Injuries most commonly occurred in patients aged 10 to 18 years (30.3%). The most frequent site of injury was the wrist (41.9%). The most common injury diagnosis was fracture (55.3%). Additionally, there was a correlation between the number of Google Trends e-scooter hits and the number of injuries during this time period. Conclusions The incidence of e-scooter-related upper extremity injuries increased dramatically in the United States between 2010 and 2019. Clinical relevance As novel e-scooter-sharing apps become increasingly popular, it is imperative that users are educated about the risk of injury and that use of proper protective equipment is encouraged.

Volar tilt of the lunate after open reduction internal fixation of a distal radius fracture. Bakker, D., et al. (2021) Level of Evidence : 4 Follow recommendation : 👍 Type of study : Aetiology/Diagnostic Topic : Distal radius fracture - is this a VISI? This is a case series assessing the alignment of the lunate post distal radius fracture. A total of five participants were included in the present study. What the x-rays showed was that after a distal radius fracture some people present with a volar tilt of the lunate on lateral x-ray views. This alignment suggested the presence of a volar intercalated segmental instability (VISI) due to a lunotriquetral (LT) injury (See picture). However, on further investigations, a similar alignment was identified on the contralateral side of one of the participants. In the other cases, arthroscopy was completed to "repair" the LT ligament, but no lesion was identified. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, after a distal radius fracture, we may note a volar alignment of the lunate, which may or may not be associated with a LT ligament injury. Personally, from now on, I will refer clients for bilateral x-rays when I suspect a LT ligament injury. We are already doing this when we suspect a scapholunate (SL) injury by referring clients for a "clenched fist pencil view" . If you want to sharpen your diagnostic skills, look at this previous synopsis on VISI and DISI or this other one on extrinsic wrist ligament injuries . Finally, if you were confused by the imaging shown above, do not despair, even the surgeons that wrote this article were unclear of why some people present with it! URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.06.016 Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract The pathophysiology of carpal adaptations after fracture of the distal radius is incompletely understood. We report 5 patients who had normal carpal alignment on injury radiographs that developed marked volar angulation of the lunate during recovery from volar plate fixation of a fracture of the distal radius. There were no signs of alteration of the carpal ligaments. Two patients had similar volar tilt on the contralateral side. The cause and optimal treatment of carpal malalignment after restoration distal radial alignment are unclear.

Recovery of grip strength and hand dexterity after distal radius fracture: A two-year prospective cohort study. Bobos, P., G. Nazari, E. A. Lalone, R. Grewal and J. C. MacDermid (2017) Level of Evidence : 1b- Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Prognostic Topic : Distal radius fractures - Strength and dexterity deficits This is a prospective cohort study assessing the level of grip strength and dexterity impairments at short and long term after distal radius fracture. A total of 154 participants with a distal radius fracture were included. In total, 73% of these participants had undergone surgery. In addition, 80% of the whole sample were female and the average age was 54 years old. Grip strength and hand dexterity were measured at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Grip strength was assessed through a hand held dynamometer whilst hand dexterity was assessed through the NK dexterity board . The results showed that at 3 and 6 months grip strength was clinically significantly lower than the contralateral side (more than 6.5 kg deficit). These impairments no longer reached a clinically significant level at 12 or 24 months. Hand dexterity was impaired only at 3 months with normalisation at 6, 12, and 24 months. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical Take Home Message : Based on what we know today, grip strength deficits are no longer clinically relevant at 12 months post distal radius fracture. In addition, hand dexterity seems to improve to a large extent after the 3 months mark without relevant impairments by the 6 months mark. If you are interested in knowing how minimal clinically relevant differences are calculated, head over to this previous synopsis . A synopsis on clinically relevant changes in grip strength will come out in the following weeks. Remember that it may be important to follow clients with a distal radius fracture for longer if they present with diabetes, as this appears to be associated with a slower functional recovery compared to clients without this condition . Also remember that in older female clients with a distal radius fracture, a bone mass density scan is advised as this may reduce the risk of additional fractures . URL : https://doi.org/10.1177/1758998317731436 Available through Hand Therapy for HTNZ members. Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Introduction Clinicians often evaluate deficits after an injury by comparing the injured and uninjured side. It is important to understand what deficits occur in hand function after distal radius fracture, how they change over time and their clinical relevance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in grip strength and hand dexterity between the injured and uninjured hands of patients two years following distal radius fracture. Methods Patients with distal radius fracture were recruited in a specialized hand clinic. Grip strength and hand dexterity were examined bilaterally with a Jamar hand-held dynamometer and with the NK dexterity device at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury respectively. Generalized linear modeling was performed, with age and sex as covariates to assess changes over time, and between sides. Results Patients (n?=?154) exhibited mean differences of grip strength between injured and uninjured side at 3 months (12.09 kg) and 6 months (7.47 kg) follow-up. The associated deficit standardized response means (SRM) were 1.30 and 0.73, respectively. At 2-years follow-up the mean deficit on the injured side was 2.30 kg with SRM=0.22. One hundred and eleven patients who completed dexterity testing demonstrated small to trivial side to side differences across all time points. Conclusions There were clinically important differences in grip strength between the injured and uninjured hands in patients with a distal radius fracture at 3 and 6 months? follow-up. However, at 12 and 24 months, grip strength differences were small and of uncertain clinical importance. Trivial to small differences in hand dexterity can be expected between the injured and uninjured hand by 2 years after distal radius fracture.

A proximal interphalangeal joint custom-made orthosis in trigger finger: Functional outcome. Pataradool, K. and C. Lertmahandpueti (2021) Level of Evidence : 4 Follow recommendation : 👍 👍 👍 Type of study : Therapeutic Topic : Trigger finger conservative treatment - pipj splint This is a non experimental, before-after study assessing the effectiveness of a proximal interphalangeal joint (pipj) splinting regime for A1-pulley trigger finger (TF). Participants were included if they presented with a Green's grade 1 to 2 (I - intermittent, II - actively correctable, III - passively correctable, IV fixed flexion deformity). Participants were provided with a splint to block pipj flexion for six weeks. Participants were excluded if they presented with trigger thumb or if they received prior treatment for trigger finger. Effectiveness of splinting regime was assessed through Green's classification grade 1 to 4 for trigger severity, pain (VAS), and function (QuickDASH). Compliance with splinting was also recorded. A total of 30 participants were included in the prent study. The results showed that the grading of trigger finger reduced by one point, after six weeks of treatment. In addition, pain (3.4 points out of 10) and function (29 points out of 100) reduced to a statistically and clinically significant level after six weeks. There was also a correlation between compliance an improvements in function, with greater compliance being associated with lower disability at the end of the trial (see scatter plot). The results from this study, need to be considered in light of a few limitations. In particular, there was no control group to account for natural history or other non specific effect of treatment. Disclaimer: This publication was reviewed and assessed by one reviewer only and it reflects their interpretation. Readers should come to their own conclusions by reading the original article. Clinical take home message : Based on what we know today, splinting of the pipj joint may lead to significant improvements in pain, function, and triggering grade in trigger finger. In addition, it appears that greater compliance with splinting is associated with larger improvements on QuickDASH, suggesting that this may be a relevant factor in treatment's success. It is important to keep in mind that greater grades off triggering are associated with greater likelihood of developing fixed pipj flexion contractures . Clients with higher triggering grade may therefore require closer supervision. If clients are encouraged to wear splint full time, it may be important to perform passive AROM, to avoid developing pipj stiffness. It is also important to remember that comorbidities such as diabetes have been shown to lead to worst outcomes compared following trigger finger surgery . If you'd like to read more about splinting for trigger finger, please refer to this synopsis, which compared mcpj to pipj splinting . URL : https://doi.org/10.1177/17589983211018717 Available through Hand Therapy for HTNZ members. Available through EBSCO Health Databases for PNZ members. Abstract Introduction Trigger finger is a common and functionally limiting disorder. Finger immobilization using an orthotic device is one of the conservative treatment options for treating this condition. The most common orthosis previously described for trigger finger is metacarpophalangeal joint immobilization. There are limited studies describing the effectiveness of proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis for treatment of trigger finger. Methods This study was a single group pretest-posttest design. Adult patients with single digit idiopathic trigger finger were recruited and asked to wear a full-time orthoses for 6?weeks. The pre- and post-outcome measures included Quick-DASH score, the Stages of Stenosing Tenosynovitis (SST), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the number of triggering events in ten active fists, and participant satisfaction with symptom improvement. Orthotic devices were made with thermoplastic material fabricated with adjustable Velcro tape at dorsal side. All participants were given written handouts on this disease, orthotic care and gliding exercises. Paired t-tests were used to determine changes in outcome measures before and after wearing the orthosis. Results There were 30 participants included in this study. Evaluation after the use of PIP joint orthosis at 6?weeks revealed that there were statistically significant improvements in Quick-DASH score from enrolment (mean difference ?29.0 (95%CI ?34.5 to ?23.4); p?<?0.001), SST (mean difference ?1.4 (95%CI ?1.8 to ?1.0); p?<?0.001) and VAS (mean difference ?3.4 (95%CI ?4.3 to ?2.5); p?<?0.001). There were no serious adverse events and patient satisfaction with the treatment was high. Conclusions Despite our small study size, the use of proximal interphalangeal joint orthosis for 6?weeks resulted in statistically significant improvements in function, pain and triggering, and also high rates of acceptance in patients with isolated idiopathic trigger finger.